Journal of Marine Technology and Environment 2011 Vol. 1

Seawater is inherently chemically aggressive. Marine structural material used in seawater handling is subjected to varying degree of corrosion depending upon nature and operational conditions. A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of seawater on aluminium corrosion. Natural honey has been evaluated as a corrosion inhibitor for aluminium alloy in seawater by electrochemical measurement and surface morphology examination. The effect of natural honey on the charge transfer resistant is measured at various concentrations. EIS studies showed that there was significant increase in overall resistant after addition of natural honey. The inhibition efficiency increases with increase in inhibitor concentration. The nature of adsorption of natural honey on the metal surface has also been examination. The analysis of SEM and EDS confirmed formation of precipitates of natural honey on the metal surface, which reduced the overall corrosion reaction.

Sustainable transport is a key trend in the European policy towards sustainable development. It concerns important indicators, such as socio-economic development, sustainable production and consumption, climate change and energy, sustainable transport, natural resources, and many others. The study analyzes the impact of transport over the environment in the context of sustainable transport in Bulgaria. The study does not comment the problems related to social and economical impact of transport, and focuses on rail, road, inland waterway and air transport. The main indicators employed are energy consumption related to GDP, and greenhouse gas emissions. Comparisons are made with four other European member states.

The results presented and discussed in the paper, are obtained by carrying out testbed and modelling (computational) experiments. The objects of the experiments are axial-piston hydraulic machines “Rexroth” - pump, type A4V.40 and hydraulic motor, type A2FM.56.The influence of the commutative processes on the operation of the hydraulic machines is analyzed. The so called "Dynamic variation" under steady-state operating modes and the factors with impact upon it are estimated.

The paper presents a mathematical model which describes the operating modes of rotary positive displacement pumps and motors. The model is worked out by considering the commutative processes taking place in the chambers formed by the moving and the stationary parts of the machine, which in particular can be pistons and barrels. The obtained analytic dependency enables the assessment of the performance parameters variability during steady-state operating mode of the hydraulic unit.

The world of water support our planet and its vast resources need to be fully utilized to benefit human activities in a sustainable manner. Inland water transportation represent the cleanest mode of transportation, this benefit indicate potential rise for coastal transportation, choice towards mitigation of climate change, meeting logistics for short sea and supply vessel operation for growing large vessel, expanding deep-sea operation and floating production units. Coastal water transportation operation attract high probability and consequence of accident which make reliability requirement for the design and operability for safety and environmental protection very necessary. This paper discuss stakes in design and operability in coastal water and mitigation option that can be provided to prevent coalition through analysis of propulsion failure subsystem risk and reliability modelling leading to collision accident scenario. One way to ensure reliability of the design work is to analysis subsystem level scenario. This paper present result of propulsion failure subsystem scenario analsysis for Malaysia River Langat.

Emission of GHG is linked to ship machineries. Ship traffics increase in port has possible increase of gaseous emissions and particulate pollutants in port. Present emission index in port areas are estimated from surrounding industries and airports. Ship is about port and port is about ships, therefore emission in port is predominantly from ships machineries. This study investigated the associated problem of green house gas in Johor Port. This paper present result of computation of emission from port related activities emissions estimation. The result can be use as part of Green House inventory data base.)

As all we know, pollution is a serious actual problem that affects our society. Maritime transport is responsible of part of that pollution and with this purpose; measure to be taken in the logistical and maritime transport field is to reduce ships emissions. Air pollution is not the only problem, but greenhouse gas emissions too, mainly in the case of maritime transport pollutants as NOx and SOx gasses. This article tries to do a quick view on the last measures took by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of shipping. An energy efficiency index for ships was created by the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) to improve their energy efficiency and then reduce fuel consumption. This index was developed in voluntary interim guidelines established in last sessions of the MEPC among 2009 and 2010, and can be applied to both new designs and ships in operation. Nowadays is just a voluntary measure that whatever ship-owner could take and verify, but until its approval there is for the moment no sanction if the results are not the expected ones by the guidelines. A description of the above mentioned guidelines will be exposed.

In the scope of modeling the intrusion of the electromagnetic field in the human body an analysis of the electric parameters of the biologic environment is conducted. There are also introduced various examples issued from experiments regarding the human body response to electromagnetic field effects.

Defining the necessary level of protection for the ship in order to fulfil its operational purpose is a prerequisite in ship magnetic signature analysis and in adopting the appropriate method of reduction. In the study of ship magnetic field it is vital to thoroughly establish its components for an accurate assessment by using several efficiency indicators chosen precisely on the basis of those components. This paper performs the analysis of the passage characteristic of a medium sized special ship on the basis of its longitudinal magnetic characteristic. Furthermore, the results acquired through Fourier harmonic expansion are compared to the measured values. The time differential of the passage characteristic is also significant in this way. Therefore the possibility of passage characteristic control and implicitly the ship protection against magnetic mines emerges by means of complete knowledge of the ship’s magnetic field and adjusting the speed when transiting a mine danger area.

Notwithstanding the remarkable progress made in the reduction of accidents involving ships, its personnel, shore facilities and the marine environment the accidents of disastrous consequences still occur with loss of valuable life and damage to property. One of the accident causation factors, as identified by safety investigations of accidents and aetiological research, points to the deficiency in the competence of shipboard personnel. Although minimum standards of seafarers’ competence have been specified and internationally agreed through the implementation of International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch-keeping of Seafarers (STCW), there still exists a wide diversity in the global maritime education and training (MET) standards. While the convention gives some guidelines on the standards of necessary competence and its assessment, it is silent on the actual contents and the method of delivery of curricula. Prevailing methods of MET and its assessment engender conditions that do not promote appreciation of deep learning and comprehension of taught material. This paper looks at various features of collaborative learning methods with a view to examine feasibility of its application to MET and possible advantages driven from its application to enhance competence of seafarers.

Refrigerated transport is essential for our society due to the need to preserve and protect food, drugs or medical supplies during transportation, to the benefit of the people worldwide. Since many HCFCs are powerful greenhouse gases, the replacement of these refrigerants in refrigerated transportation asks efforts done to select the correct refrigerant for this application. In this respect, this paper deals with challenges and solution for this issue. The classical criteria to be considered when choosing a refrigerant are: thermophysical properties, technological, economic, safety and environmental aspects. It is seen as a solution for the replacement of HCFC22 (R22), the refrigerant belonging to the HFC family, R404A. R404A is a chlorine free chemical. It permits the maintenance of the existing R22 equipment, this being an economic advantage, especially in time of crisis. It is made a thermo – energetical comparison between R22 and R404A, resulting that R404 is suitable for refrigerated transport.

Many tanker accidents produced in the Black sea caused oil pollution, while coastal industries continue to discharge waste products directly, with little or no treatment. This in correlation with huge industrial activity in the area, shipping and offshore oil exploration created critical environmental state, and all aesthetic beauty has disappeared from this area, making place for the ugly site of tremendous pollution. Black Sea pollution has increased in recent years because of heavy rains, which led to the transportation of large quantities of silt, and because of the overflow in the Danube of chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) used in Germany and Austria. Meanwhile, the abandoned vessels along the Danube and Black Sea coast are a permanent source of pollution with heavy metals. This paper aims to show the role of the EMSA Agency which is able to provide pollution response and operational and technical assistance, but especially the responsibility of all who work in the maritime field: companies, people, associations and governments.

About 90% of goods exchanges are performed on maritime way. There is involved a large number of ships such as cargo, tankers, containers, bulkcarriers, passengers’ vessel, which must satisfy the commercial needs. All of these requirement, depends in a great measure of the oil consumption. The Green Ship term refers to the ideal ship regarding the marine pollution control. There are two aspects with common applications regarding Green Ship term: - The first aspect is looking for: the applied measures which are considered for the quality of the fuel, replacement of the classic fuel with high sulphur content, designed values of the naval engines where the burn process is completed, the other kind of fuels for engine propulsion, ballast treatment or zero ballast, recycling of the sewages and for new ship’s hull paints without any TBT. - The second aspect of Green Ship term is looking for the vessel propelled by other methods than classic, named non-conventional procedures or unconventional methods, where the main engine is replaced by electrical motors, solar cells, sails elevated at certain altitude (kite), fixed and mobile sails with solar cells incorporated. Is the Green Ship the ideal concept and ideal ship which can reduce the marine pollution at minimal level in the nearest future?

In terms of users of such mechanical packing, the value of lost friction power and the factors contributing to the increase or decrease of this power is of maximum interest.

Magnetic fluids, sometimes called “ferro-fluids” are a new category of synthetic materials combining fluid properties with magnetic properties of solids. They are colloidal suspension of ferromagnetic particles into a basic liquid. Magnetic ultrafine particles (30-160A0) are integrated in a basic liquid by means of surface-active substances, which create an elastic coating (layer) around each particle and, with thermal agitation, ensure the stability of suspension even in the highly non-uniform magnetic fields

In this paper we present the results concerning some microbial parameters (total cell count, biomass and percentage growth rate) in marine microcosms supplemented with gasoline and gasoline-enriched marine populations. At the beginning of experiment, total cell population density was higher in microcosm supplemented with gasoline-enriched marine population and carbon / nitrogen source (gasoline (1% v/w) and ammonium nitrate (0.005% w/w)) as compared with the other microcosms, then a significant decrease in total cell population density was observed, due probably to gasoline consumption and/or to the significant bacteriolithic activity (litic bacteriophages and/or predatory bacteria). Our results argue that gasoline can sustain the growth of endogenous micorbiota as well as of previously gasolineenriched marine populations, thus sustaining the further research on the use of gasolineenriched marine populations for bioremediation of polluted sites (bioaugmentation)

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) agreements are not always appropriate for the majority of aircraft carriers, so that the military mission demand solutions in the design and operation that are not fully compatible with the philosophy of the conventions “IMO” and prescriptive solutions. Separate rules of the Classification Societies of the conventions “IMO”, to apply to warships create a vacuum that can lead to confusion. This confusion can be misinterpreted and as a result there can be a drop in safety standards. Stability in case of collision is a critical theme to maintain buoyancy in ships. These aspects are even more critical given the increasing size of the boats and the growing number of passengers and crews onboard. Both experience and performed studies demonstrate that the most dangerous issue for the ships with closed deck is the impact of an accumulation of water on the deck. The studies have clearly shown that the residual freeboard of the ship and the height of the waves in a specific sea area influence in a very relevant manner the amount of water that could be accumulated after a clash. The article concludes by presenting a series of comparisons between the criteria used by both, leading to some interesting conclusions as to the current criteria used by the navy. This can be enormously improved with a few minor changes, to maintain the integrity of its basic approach, and increase the similarities with the criterion of “IMO”, such as the calculation of water on deck out in the Stockholm Agreement.

By the end of the 18th century the Spanish nautical school teachers were military promoted as a means to reward their devotion to teaching and their input as cosmographers. These well-deserved promotions were also a way to acknowledge their taking part in several military conflicts during which teachers had defended the Spanish Crown. However, the following paper will discuss the fact that some of these promotions were used by the Escuelas Particulares (Private Schools) and the Real Junta Particular de Comercio (Royal Particular Joint Trade Board) of Barcelona as a tool which allowed teachers to become members of the Spanish Royal Navy.

Nautical engineering education institutions play an important role and are a key tool in the future sustainable maritime transport and naval world. This paper addresses the role of nautical engineering education in the learning and implementation of the competence of sustainability and social commitment (SSC) in the Nautical Faculty of Barcelona and presents results of the first year of the implementation of the environmental program STEP2015 at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.

Alongside the existing classical methods of volume heating of the bearing bushings for installation on propeller shafts the possibility of heat treatment using low-frequency induction heating is very newsy and hopeful. A major disadvantage of most methods of heating is the large energy consumption and the emergence of unacceptable temperature differences in the detail, leading to the appearance of various defects in its structure. This requires a detailed examination of the processes using the method of induction heating.