Journal of Marine Technology and Environment 2010 VOL2

Sea water has an important role not only in coordination process due to the presence of micro-organisms exist in marine plankton, but also in the decomposition process at a moderate value of pH. All the coordination reactions products remain in the sea water surface and their decrease or increase of concentration could be correlated and predicted by determining the kinetic activity. The kinetic rate has been determined in sea water using a pH of 7,5 and 8,5 at 20 and 25oC temperature and 1 atmosphere pressure for Ni (II) and Au (III) coordination complexes.

The paper presents a new model of a perfect watertight submersible electric generator, tightness which is due to a pair of simerings directly connected to the generator’s shaft, in which the impulse is carried out by means of permanent magnets from rare grounds mounted on the electrical machine’s rotor with the help of epoxy resins. Due to the total tightness of the generator, the rolling bearings (ball bearings) were used, increasing in this way the mechanical yields on shaft. The encased joint stator winding is not movable and it can be both single and three phased. The inductive field (rotor) is made up of permanent magnets and the induced (stator) is equipped with single phased winding situated on the surface of cylindrical yoke laminations. The subsystems rotor and stator are independently sealed; water can flow into the space between the fittings and in the camps.

In order to meet the energetic needs in isolated areas by means of wind or hydro technical potential, conversion micro units can be used. This paper reveals the extensive investigation into the use of synchronous AC micro generators operating on water energy, performed by INCDIE ICPE-CA, “Mircea cel Batran” Naval Academy and U.P.B. Our research includes: normal model of a generator, reversed model in accordance with its functional purpose: out of water (in atmosphere) or in immersion.

Fuel injection pipes pressure are measured and computed to study the injection system characteristics at partial load in a direct injection Diesel engine whit a distributor-type injection pump. The fuel injection simulation is based on a linear model. The governing equations are solved by the finite difference method.

Often when we speak about safety on board ships we consider technical aspects and if we take in account human factor then we think about stress, working hours, drougs, etc. Leisure will be not seriously consider as something related with safety. This paper tries to introduce the concern about the importance of leisure time for a proper psychological condition of a seafarer for his own safety and the safety of the ship.

There is an untraditional way, connected with analysis and estimation of electromagnetic transitional dynamic processes in ship electrical power system. The way is based on image space vector theory and gives an opportunity to solve complicated electromagnetic problems and problems, connected with education. Including of such way in investigation the problems in “Ship Electrical Power Supply” is much more clear and easier. The analysis and estimating of complicated transitional and dynamic processes in ship electrical power systems becomes easier and clear, especially with tendency of widely speeded and used power electronics units in ship electrical equipment.

This paper presents the usual methods of sea water distillation at under-atmospheric pressure using the heat from the main engine cooling water system. In the first case, preheated condensation sea water is introduced in the technical water generator. In the second case, the sea water supply is not pre-heated.

The Hydroelectric Developments (HD) technology is very well known due to the fact that it has been studied during the last 120 years. To generate electricity from the water in the rivers or dams, different technologies have been developed but at the end only four of them are used: Pelton, Francis, Kaplan and Bulb turbines. Those technologies have had a large development although, at present, scientists and engineers are working hard to increase their efficiency above 95% in some cases. On the other hand, the Tidal Stream Developments (TSD) technology is at the beginning of its life and the existing developments are mainly used as a test to improve the technology than to generate and sell electricity. Nowadays a number of different technologies are being studied because practically each manufacturer has developed its own solution. The objective of this paper is to show analogies and differences between Hydroelectric Developments and Tidal Stream Developments as technologies suitable to generate electric power from the marine currents energy.

The two great currents of water going along The Strait of Gibraltar give rise to an interchange of large masses of water between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. They flow one over the other in opposite directions and both are very important renewable sources of energy that at present time are not in use at all. This work begins with a description of the way in which the energetic potential of both currents can be estimated, afterwards a study on the possibilities of getting a partial use of this potential is done, without navigation´s restrictions and also looking for the protection of the marine environment. Indeed, the work shows how to use the energy source with several types of submerged turbines that are being developed nowadays, the analysis about where the devices must be placed is done and which are the rates of electrical energy that will be get. Finally, the paper is concluded giving an exposition of the basic parameters for the design procedure of one submerged electrical generation park located in the zone. How the devices must be arranged into the current is indicated and the forecast of the energy production of the park is done

This paper has proposed a combined power system, in which low-temperature waste heat can be efficiently recovered and cold energy of liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be fully utilized as well. The generation of electric power using the Organic Rankine Cycle appears the most practical. It is found that less energy in the low-temperature waste heat can be converted to the power by organic Rankine cycle because boiling essentially take place at constant pressure and temperature in the evaporator.

A main activity of many computer vision systems is foreground object detection. Motion is used in a video sequences to identify target objects. Many background subtraction methods have been proposed to identify motion that belongs to a moving object. Each has advantages and disadvantages when it is applied in different conditions. An overview of five background subtraction methods is proposed in this paper. The selected methods described and compared are: temporal averaging, frame differencing, Kernel Density Estimate, Σ−∆, and mixture of Gaussians. One of the features that was found, was that the more complex methods, such as Kernel Density Estimate and mixture of Gaussians achieve high precision and recall when applied to practice. A lower precision and recall were the results of the more basic methods. However the more basic methods are cheaper in computational cost

In accordance with increased global demand for a clean and efficient sea transport, the marine energy sector became lately very sensitive to this subject. Energy conversion systems on board the ships should produce energy – intensive products at sea. In order to analyse and after that to improve such systems, are presented important tools at the hand of marine energy specialists: exergoeconomic analysis and exergoenvironmental analysis. By using the both methods is possible to reduce costs in energy conversion systems and to assess environmental impacts, in order to optimise energy conversion systems from economic and ecological point of view.

In this work, the possibility of implementing fuel cell technology in marine and naval media is considered. The potential application fields are revised and the main projects in each area that, at present, are being developed are discussed. Some already operative commercial applications such as submarines and small scale power generation are described. The main constraints from the environmental and technical points of view are analysed in order to elucidate the viability of future developments.

Currently, one major priority in passenger shipping is to train ship’s officers and crew with sufficient skills and appropriate procedures to provide adequate protection and ensure the safety of all passengers and crew especially on ferries and cruise ships. For this purpose it is essential to establish a permanent process of change and development with regard to new precautionary measures against terrorism both in ports and onboard vessels in accordance with existing regulations. Training human mentality and motivation is vital to create a permanent underlying security culture. Simulators have proved beneficial for ship operation training in real time. Modern maritime training institutions all over the world increase the complexity of simulations by connecting full mission ship handling, ship engine and Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) simulators. There is ongoing research and development to also provide and integrate specific simulation facilities for maritime safety and security issues. For these purposes a new type of simulator is under development for integrated training and research of the specific aspects of maritime safety and security. A so called Safety and Security trainer (SST) simulation system, designed for two- and three-dimensional visualisation, is developed. It contains the 3D visual model of a real ferry. This visual model implemented into the SST is interfaced to an integrated decision support system to assist trainees to cope with safety and security challenges during manoeuvres of the vessel in a full-mission simulation environment. The system is designed to allow for more detailed evaluation of the effectiveness of safety and security plans under varying conditions and during different courses of events by different series of simulation runs. This paper will introduce the basic concept of the safety and security training simulator and describe the work entailed for its integration into the complex environment of full mission ship-handling- and ship-engine-simulators. Selected results of a case study dealing with first basic implementation of training scenarios will be demonstrated.

A ship or any ocean vehicle or structure is exposed to the marine environment. Enviromental forces at sea come from wind, seaway, current, tidal waves, and waves from earthquakes (tsunamis). Generally, seaway is generated by the wind at the sea surface. Information on wind-generated wavTes has been based on: visual observation; instrumental buoy measurements; remote sensing from satellites; calculation with spectral models using barometric fields and wind field analysis.It underestimates the recurrence of heavy storms. Buoy measurement data are smaller in volume and limited to a small number of years. The storm class depends on the shape of the wind force versus time. The wave class depends on the shape of the seaway spectrum versus frequency. Storm class I is generating waves during limited time. Storm class II is generating a fully developed sea. Storm classes III,IV,V: combinations of class I and II.

In applications that require precise and rapid adjustment is very important to know the value of moment of inertia and friction torque dependence. Current industrial applications can be classified into two categories: 1) moment of inertia is constant during the adjustment to all operating modes; 2) moment of inertia can vary with values between a minimum J and maximum value Jmax, specific value of each operating mode (eg elevators carrying a variable number of people).

This work deals with an issue of great importance, related to the possible destructive effects of a high power electromagnetic pulse – as the lightning pulse – upon electronic equipments in its area of influence. Lightning pulse characteristics are presented for type 2 / 50, one of the most common, where the number 2 mean length of the front and number 50 - the average duration of current pulse, in microseconds. It is calculated, based on specific linear antenna’s relationships, electromagnetic field components caused by the lightning current pulse, both in the close area - the field of induction, and in the far area - the radiation field. Based on these is calculated the induced power density and its corresponding energy in a test coil, located at 100 m from the point of lightning strike, and are compared the values obtained with maximum allowed energy levels of different components and electronic devices; the comparative analysis serves to draw useful conclusions about the need of using anti-disturbance protection for these equipments.

The new issue Integrated Maritime Spatial Planning (IMSP) supported by the European Union since the 2007 Blue Book on Maritime Policy combines principles of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) with needs for sustainable development, elaborating different tools and procedures for spatial planning on both coastal and marine sides. As “The Romanian Emergency Ordinance on ICZM No. 202/2002” puts Romania ahead of Baltic and Adriatic countries in terms of a legal framework for integrated planning of the terrestrial coastal zone. The Romanian Coast is under the pressure from increasing population density, urbanization, marine transport, coastal erosion, pollution. Tourism industry and unplanned urbanization have had negative effects by depreciation of the natural landscape, water quality, sandy dunes, vegetation and marine ecosystem. This paper aim is to show how could be open and develop in Romania the field of IMSP: developing, introducing and implementing the new field of spatial planning in maritime areas (sea use planning) in the coastal zone in a coherent manner; strengthening the implementation of the ICZM in Romanian coastal zone demonstrating the benefits of spatial planning to ICZM by a selected number of pilot projects; introduction international comparable GIS databases facilitating the spatial planning process according to ICZM principle.

The high-voltage induction motors are widely used in ship electric propulsion drives, like AZIPOD and in ship bow thrusters. The stability of insulation resistance of the electrical machines is closely connected to the methods of control of the process of drying during the periods of operation and repair. We propose an experimental method that enables to control the process of drying of ship high-voltage electrical machines by programmable logic controller.

Starting from the analogy for hydraulic pipes and respectively for electrical conductors in the permanent flow of the equal density fluids the relations and relevant indicators from energetically point of view can be obtained electric-dynamic.

The work entitled “Corrosion resistance of the layers obtained by electrical sparking with aluminium and bronze electrodes” presents the research done by the authors in regards with obtaining some superficial metallic layers, on samples made of carbon steel OL 37 brand, with the help of some electrodes from a corrosion resistant material (CuSn10 and Al). The corrosion resistance of the obtained experimental layers was determined through gravimetrical method. The superficial layers subject to the corrosion agent (sea water) were analised through optical microscopy, using the computers QX3 Intel Play microscope.

Pollution risks coming from the shipping traffic is one of the real risks that Spanish coast can face. It is much closed the remember of the Fedra bulk carrier in the strait of Gibraltar, the Prestige tanker in Finisterre or the Castor near accident off the Almeria coast. The main objective of this paper is to analyse, identify and further to quantify, the areas in the Mediterranean Spanish coast, with biggest risk of suffering a hydrocarbons spill coming from the tankers maritime traffic. The study, in which this paper is based, has been considered a set of variables among which we can remark the geographic particularities, the climatic issues, the ships’ age or the traffic density; that are going to feed an algorithm. This objective function will weight those different parameters in the entire coast and will identify the ones with the biggest risk probability. The results are going to put in evidence where are the most critical areas in the Spanish coast, when talking about its risk of spill.

The purpose of this paper is to create a methodology for assessing the change of drag on a ship caused by the fouling of the hull and the increase of its roughness with different draught in the course of operation.